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Torque converter.

Every unit a torque figure gets quoted in, and the correction for an adapter that moves the fastener along the wrench - which is the one people get backwards.

Wrench length is from the square drive to the middle of where you hold it. Offset is how much further along that same line the adapter puts the fastener - see below, because it is usually zero.

When the offset is zero, which is most of the time
  • A plain socket extension changes nothing. It puts the fastener further down the drive axis, not further along the lever, so the lever arm is the same and so is the torque. This is the point most often got wrong - a long extension does not need any correction at all.
  • A deep socket changes nothing, for the same reason.
  • A wobble or universal joint changes nothing, provided the fastener still sits on the drive axis.
  • A crow's foot or flare-nut adapter in line with the wrench does change it. The fastener moves along the lever, and the offset is how far.
  • The same crow's foot turned to sit at a right angle to the wrench changes nothing again - the fastener has moved sideways, not along the lever.
What this assumes
  • The conversions are exact by definition: 1 kgf-m is 9.80665 N-m and 1 lb-ft is 1.35581794 N-m.
  • The adapter correction assumes the offset lies along the wrench, and that you hold the wrench at the point you measured to. Holding it somewhere else changes the answer, which is why a torque wrench has a marked grip.
  • Torque is not clamping force. Thread condition, lubricant and rust all change what a given torque achieves, which is why a figure is quoted for a clean dry thread unless it says otherwise.
  • This page holds no torque figures for any fastener. What a wheel nut or a fitting needs comes from the vehicle handbook or from the part itself, never from a converter.